Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders
This category of disorders consists of disorders that cause sexual dysfunctions and problems in gender identity. These disorders are organized into (1) sexual dysfunctions, (2) paraphilias, and (3) gender identity disorders.
Sexual Dysfunctions
The principal problem inherent in sexual dysfuntions is an inhibition in the psychophysiological changes that occur in the complete sexual response cycle. This cycle consists of (1) fantasies about or a psychological interest in or desire for sexual activity, (2) sexual excitement, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution or general relaxation after intercourse. Resolution is usually not of pathological significance. Sexual dysfunctions include (1) sexual desire disorders, consisting of hypoactive sexual desire (the deficiency or absence of sexual desire) or sexual aversion disorders; (2) sexual arousal disorders, involving an inadequate lubrication-swelling response for females or erection inability for males; (3) orgasmic disorders, consisting of premature male ejaculation and persistent delay or absence of orgasm in males and females after normal sexual excitement; (4) sexual pain disorders, characterized by genital pain associated with sexual intercourse and vaginismus for females; and (5) sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition, which is a sexual dysfunction caused by a physiological problem. These disorders must cause the individual marked distress and interpersonal difficulty to qualify as sexual dysfunctions.
Paraphilias
The paraphilias are persistent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are associated with either (1) nonhuman objects, (2) suffering or humiliation, or (3) children or other nonconsenting partners. The specific paraphilias are (1) exhibitionism (sexual excitement obtained by exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger; seems to occur only in males exposing themselves to females); (2) fetishism (use of nonliving objects as the preferred or exclusive method of obtaining sexual arousal); (3) frotteurism (touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person; behavior usually occurs in crowds); (4) pedophilia (sexual activity with children); (5) sexual masochism (sexual excitement cause by one's own suffering--being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer); (6) sexual sadism (sexual excitement caused by making someone else suffer); (7) transvestic fetishism (wherein a heterosexual male cross-dresses as a female and masturbates while imagining himself to be both the male and the female subject of his sexual fantasy); (8) voyeurism (looking or "peeping" at naked or disrobing individuals, usually strangers, for sexual excitement); and (9) paraphilia not otherwise specified, such as telephone scatologia (lewdness over the telephone) and zoophilia (sex with animals). Paraphilias are most likely to occur in men.
Gender Identity Disorders
Gender Identity Disorders consist of strong, persistent cross-gender identification and desire to be the other sex. There must be evidence of continued discomfort about one's assigned sex or a sense of inappropriateness about it. Additionally, there must be evidence of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. DSM-IV indicates that the prevalence of gender identity disorders is unknown; however, some studies in Europe suggest that approximately 1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-change surgery.
(Source: Cockerham, W. C.: Sociology of Mental Disorder Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. Page 53-54)
Sexual Dysfunctions
The principal problem inherent in sexual dysfuntions is an inhibition in the psychophysiological changes that occur in the complete sexual response cycle. This cycle consists of (1) fantasies about or a psychological interest in or desire for sexual activity, (2) sexual excitement, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution or general relaxation after intercourse. Resolution is usually not of pathological significance. Sexual dysfunctions include (1) sexual desire disorders, consisting of hypoactive sexual desire (the deficiency or absence of sexual desire) or sexual aversion disorders; (2) sexual arousal disorders, involving an inadequate lubrication-swelling response for females or erection inability for males; (3) orgasmic disorders, consisting of premature male ejaculation and persistent delay or absence of orgasm in males and females after normal sexual excitement; (4) sexual pain disorders, characterized by genital pain associated with sexual intercourse and vaginismus for females; and (5) sexual dysfunction due to a general medical condition, which is a sexual dysfunction caused by a physiological problem. These disorders must cause the individual marked distress and interpersonal difficulty to qualify as sexual dysfunctions.
Paraphilias
The paraphilias are persistent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that are associated with either (1) nonhuman objects, (2) suffering or humiliation, or (3) children or other nonconsenting partners. The specific paraphilias are (1) exhibitionism (sexual excitement obtained by exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger; seems to occur only in males exposing themselves to females); (2) fetishism (use of nonliving objects as the preferred or exclusive method of obtaining sexual arousal); (3) frotteurism (touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person; behavior usually occurs in crowds); (4) pedophilia (sexual activity with children); (5) sexual masochism (sexual excitement cause by one's own suffering--being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer); (6) sexual sadism (sexual excitement caused by making someone else suffer); (7) transvestic fetishism (wherein a heterosexual male cross-dresses as a female and masturbates while imagining himself to be both the male and the female subject of his sexual fantasy); (8) voyeurism (looking or "peeping" at naked or disrobing individuals, usually strangers, for sexual excitement); and (9) paraphilia not otherwise specified, such as telephone scatologia (lewdness over the telephone) and zoophilia (sex with animals). Paraphilias are most likely to occur in men.
Gender Identity Disorders
Gender Identity Disorders consist of strong, persistent cross-gender identification and desire to be the other sex. There must be evidence of continued discomfort about one's assigned sex or a sense of inappropriateness about it. Additionally, there must be evidence of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. DSM-IV indicates that the prevalence of gender identity disorders is unknown; however, some studies in Europe suggest that approximately 1 per 30,000 adult males and 1 per 100,000 adult females seek sex-change surgery.
(Source: Cockerham, W. C.: Sociology of Mental Disorder Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. Page 53-54)
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